Here’s an
article sent to me by a reader. It’s from scientificamerican. I’ve shortened it to fit my format. Take a
look (I add comments in [brackets] and at the end):
Rowan
Jacobsen,”Israel Proves the Desalination Era Is Here”, originally printed in ensia,
July 19, 2016, now reprinted in scientificamerican, July 29, 2016.
-One of the
driest countries on Earth now makes more freshwater than it needs-
July 19,
2016 — Ten miles south of Tel Aviv, I stand on a catwalk over two concrete
reservoirs the size of football fields and watch water pour into them from a
massive pipe emerging from the sand. The pipe is so large I could walk through
it standing upright, were it not full of Mediterranean seawater pumped from an
intake a mile offshore.
“Now, that’s
a pump!” Edo Bar-Zeev shouts to me over the din of the motors, grinning with
undisguised awe at the scene before us. The reservoirs beneath us contain
several feet of sand through which the seawater filters before making its way
to a vast metal hangar, where it is transformed into enough drinking water to
supply 1.5 million people.
We are
standing above the new Sorek desalination plant, the largest reverse-osmosis
desal facility in the world, and we are staring at Israel’s salvation. Just a
few years ago, in the depths of its worst drought in at least 900 years, Israel
was running out of water. Now it has a surplus. That remarkable turnaround was
accomplished through national campaigns to conserve and reuse Israel’s meager
water resources, but the biggest impact came from a new wave of desalination
plants.
Bar-Zeev,
who recently joined Israel’s Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research after
completing his postdoc work at Yale University, is an expert on biofouling,
which has always been an Achilles’ heel of desalination and one of the reasons
it has been considered a last resort. Desal works by pushing saltwater into
membranes containing microscopic pores. The water gets through, while the
larger salt molecules are left behind. But microorganisms in seawater quickly
colonize the membranes and block the pores, and controlling them requires
periodic costly and chemical-intensive cleaning. But Bar-Zeev and colleagues
developed a chemical-free system using porous lava stone to capture the
microorganisms before they reach the membranes. It’s just one of many
breakthroughs in membrane technology that have made desalination much more
efficient. Israel now gets 55 percent of its domestic water from desalination, and
that has helped to turn one of the world’s driest countries into the
unlikeliest of water giants.
Driven by
necessity, Israel is learning to squeeze more out of a drop of water than any
country on Earth, and much of that learning is happening at the Zuckerberg
Institute, where researchers have pioneered new techniques in drip irrigation,
water treatment and desalination. They have developed resilient well systems
for African villages and biological digesters than can halve the water usage of
most homes.
The
institute’s original mission was to improve life in Israel’s bone-dry Negev
Desert, but the lessons look increasingly applicable to the entire Fertile
Crescent. “The Middle East is drying up,” says Osnat Gillor, a professor at the
Zuckerberg Institute who studies the use of recycled wastewater on crops. “The
only country that isn’t suffering acute water stress is Israel.”
That water
stress has been a major factor in the turmoil tearing apart the Middle East,
but Bar-Zeev believes that Israel’s solutions can help its parched neighbors,
too — and in the process, bring together old enemies in common cause.
Bar-Zeev
acknowledges that water will likely be a source of conflict in the Middle East
in the future. “But I believe water can be a bridge, through joint ventures,”
he says. “And one of those ventures is desalination.”
DRIVEN TO
DESPERATION
In 2008,
Israel teetered on the edge of catastrophe. A decade-long drought had scorched
the Fertile Crescent, and Israel’s largest source of freshwater, the Sea of Galilee,
had dropped to within inches of the “black line” at which irreversible salt
infiltration would flood the lake and ruin it forever. Water restrictions were
imposed, and many farmers lost a year’s crops.
Their
counterparts in Syria fared much worse. As the drought intensified and the
water table plunged, Syria’s farmers chased it, drilling wells 100, 200, then
500 meters (300, 700, then 1,600 feet) down in a literal race to the bottom.
Eventually, the wells ran dry and Syria’s farmland collapsed in an epic dust
storm. More than a million farmers joined massive shantytowns on the outskirts
of Aleppo, Homs, Damascus and other cities in a futile attempt to find work and
purpose.
Water is
driving the entire region to desperate acts. And that, according to the authors
of “Climate Change in the Fertile Crescent and Implications of the Recent
Syrian Drought,” a 2015 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, was the tinder that burned Syria to the ground. “The rapidly growing
urban peripheries of Syria,” they wrote, “marked by illegal settlements,
overcrowding, poor infrastructure, unemployment, and crime, were neglected by
the Assad government and became the heart of the developing unrest.”
Similar
stories are playing out across the Middle East, where drought and agricultural
collapse have produced a lost generation with no prospects and simmering
resentments. Iran, Iraq and Jordan all face water catastrophes. Water is
driving the entire region to desperate acts.
Except
Israel. Amazingly, Israel has more water than it needs. The turnaround started
in 2007, when low-flow toilets and showerheads were installed nationwide and
the national water authority built innovative water treatment systems that
recapture 86 percent of the water that goes down the drain and use it for
irrigation — vastly more than the second-most-efficient country in the world,
Spain, which recycles 19 percent.
But even
with those measures, Israel still needed about 1.9 billion cubic meters (2.5
billion cubic yards) of freshwater per year and was getting just 1.4 billion
cubic meters (1.8 billion cubic yards) from natural sources. That
500-million-cubic-meter (650-million-cubic-yard) shortfall was why the Sea of
Galilee was draining like an unplugged tub and why the country was about to
lose its farms…
Enter
desalination. The Ashkelon plant, in 2005, provided 127 million cubic meters
(166 million cubic yards) of water. Hadera, in 2009, put out another 140
million cubic meters (183 million cubic yards). And now Sorek, 150 million cubic
meters (196 million cubic yards). All told, desal plants can provide some 600
million cubic meters (785 million cubic yards) of water a year, and more are on
the way.
The Sea of
Galilee is fuller. Israel’s farms are thriving. And the country faces a previously
unfathomable question: What to do with its extra water?
Inside
Sorek, 50,000 membranes enclosed in vertical white cylinders, each 4 feet high
and 16 inches wide, are whirring like jet engines. The whole thing feels like a
throbbing spaceship about to blast off. The cylinders contain sheets of plastic
membranes wrapped around a central pipe, and the membranes are stippled with
pores less than a hundredth the diameter of a human hair. Water shoots into the
cylinders at a pressure of 70 atmospheres and is pushed through the membranes,
while the remaining brine is returned to the sea.
Desalination
used to be an expensive energy hog, but the kind of advanced technologies being
employed at Sorek have been a game changer. Water produced by desalination costs
just a third of what it did in the 1990s. Sorek can produce a thousand liters
of drinking water for 58 cents. Israeli households pay about US$30 a month for
their water — similar to households in most U.S. cities, and far less than Las
Vegas (US$47) or Los Angeles (US$58) [my own latest water bill (for water
alone), for a household that contains four adults plus lots of grandchildren (who
pile in four days a week), was the equivalent of $50USD for one month; I
believe our household is larger than the average Israeli household]…
On the far
end of the Sorek plant, Bar-Zeev and I get to share a tap…Branching off from
the main line where the Sorek water enters the Israeli grid is a simple spigot,
a paper cup dispenser beside it. I open the tap and drink cup after cup of what
was the Mediterranean Sea 40 minutes ago. It tastes cold, clear and miraculous.
The contrasts couldn’t be starker. A few miles from here,
water disappeared and civilization crumbled. Here, a galvanized civilization
created water from nothingness. As Bar-Zeev and I drink deep, and the climate
sizzles, I wonder which of these stories will be the exception, and which the
rule.
--
My comment: Yes,
Israel is indeed a ‘galvanized civilization’.
That’s because Israel has been blessed by the Creator, just as that old Tanach
(Jewish Bible) of yours says.
As for the ‘crumbling’ of civilization all around Israel
mentioned above, you should recall what you once read in your Tanach: He
who blesses Israel will be blessed; he who curses Israel will be cursed.
Don’t underestimate G-d. He really does what He Promises.
He’s doing it in Israel—every day.
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